I manually migrated an old LEMP WordPress site and took some notes along the way.
Old Server #
Linux, Nginx, MySql, PHP versions
$ cat /etc/system-release
Amazon Linux AMI release 2011.09
$ nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/0.8.54
$ mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.1.61, for redhat-linux-gnu (i386) using readline 5.1
$ php -v
PHP 5.3.13 (cli) (built: May 9 2012 18:39:36)
Copyright (c) 1997-2012 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v2.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2012 Zend Technologies
WordPress version: 3.2.1
New EC2 Instance #
Launched new EC2 Instance with the following options:
Amazon Linux 2 Kernel 5.10 AMI 2.0.20220606.1 x86_64 HVM gp2
ami-098e42ae54c764c35t2.micro
1 volume(s) - 8 GiB
Migrated data on EBS volume #
The old server had WordPress content and MySql data on a separate EBS volume.
Created snapshot of this data volume of old EC2 Instance.
Created a new volume from snapshot - 5 GiB, in the same Availability Zone.
Attached the data volume to new EC2 instance as device /dev/xvdf.
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/xvda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
(**redacted**)
Disk /dev/xvdf: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesMounted data volume
$ sudo mkdir -p /ebs/data
$ sudo mount /dev/xvdf /ebs/data
$ df -h | grep xvd
/dev/xvda1 8.0G 1.6G 6.5G 20% /
/dev/xvdf 5.0G 4.0G 1.1G 80% /ebs/dataFixed permissions
$ sudo chown -R ec2-user.ec2-user /ebs/data/wwwInstalled Nginx, MySql, PHP #
$ sudo amazon-linux-extras install nginx1
$ sudo yum install mysql-server mysql-client
Loaded plugins: extras_suggestions, langpacks, priorities, update-motd
amzn2-core | 3.7 kB 00:00:00
No package mysql-server available.
No package mysql-client available.
Error: Nothing to do
Hmmm...
According to AWS Tutorial: Install a LAMP web server on Amazon Linux 2, AWS recommends MariaDB for Amazon Linux 2.
$ sudo yum install mariadb-server
$ sudo amazon-linux-extras install -y lamp-mariadb10.2-php7.2 php7.2Went with AWS recommended PHP 7.2 (instead of the latest 7.4). AWS says security fixes have been backported to this version. But applications may still show a warning.
Customized Nginx #
The following settings are aimed to run Nginx with limited resources (e.g., t2.micro EC2 instance). Edited /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# note: output partially truncated for brevity
$ cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# changed worker_processes to 1
worker_processes 1;
http {
# enabled these
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_comp_level 3; # 1 is least compression, 9 is most
# kept this low due to limited CPU
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
# The default server
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name _;
access_log /ebs/data/www/logs/access.log;
error_log /ebs/data/www/logs/error.log;
root /ebs/data/www/htdocs;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
location /legacy {
rewrite ^/legacy/?$ /blog/ permanent;
rewrite ^/legacy/index\.html$ /blog/ permanent;
rewrite ^/legacy/archives/00([0-9]*)\.html$ /blog/mt-redirect.php?postid=$1 permanent;
}
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite ^(.+)$ /blog/index.php?q=$1 last;
}
}
}
$ cat /etc/nginx/default.d/php.conf
index index.php index.html index.htm;
location ~ \.(php|phar)(/.*)?$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.(?:php|phar))(/.*)$;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_pass php-fpm;
}
# Backed up nginx settings to data volume
$ sudo cp -r /etc/nginx/ /ebs/data/etc/
Customized MySQL #
# Disabled MySQL InnoDB and Enable MyISAM
$ cat /etc/my.cnf
# note: output partially truncated for brevity
[mysqld]
skip-innodb
default-storage-engine = myisam
$ sudo service mariadb restartTo import a MySql backup of WordPress, I previously created an empty database first.
$ mysqladmin -uroot password *****
$ mysqladmin -u root -p create "myblogdb"
$ echo "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myblogdb.* TO 'blogadmin'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '*****';" | mysql -u root -p
$ echo "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON myblogdb.* TO 'blogadmin'@'locahost' IDENTIFIED BY '*****';" | mysql -u root -p
# MySql backup can be importedAlternately, I moved MySql to /ebs
$ sudo systemctl stop mariadb
$ sudo mv /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql_old
$ sudo mkdir /var/lib/mysql
$ sudo mount --bind /ebs/data/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql -o noatime
$ sudo systemctl start mariadbCustomized PHP, PHP-FPM #
$ sudo chown -R ec2-user.ec2-user /var/log/php-fpm
$ cat /etc/php.ini
# Set default timezone
date.timezone = "America/Los_Angeles"
$ timedatectl list-timezones | grep Los
America/Los_Angeles
$ sudo timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
$ timedatectl status
$ grep -v "^;" /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf | awk NF
[www]
user = ec2-user
group = ec2-user
listen = /run/php-fpm/www.sock
listen.acl_users = apache,nginx
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 5
pm.start_servers = 1
pm.min_spare_servers = 1
pm.max_spare_servers = 2
slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/php-fpm/www-error.log
php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on
php_value[session.save_handler] = files
php_value[session.save_path] = /var/lib/php/session
php_value[soap.wsdl_cache_dir] = /var/lib/php/wsdlcache
# Backed up PHP-FPM settings to data volume
$ sudo cp -r /etc/php-fpm.d/ /ebs/data/etc/
# Installed PHP Opcode caching
$ sudo yum install php-opcache
# Started Nginx and PHP-FPM.
$ sudo systemctl start nginx
$ sudo systemctl start php-fpm
Customized server startup #
# Ensured MySql, php-fpm, Nginx does NOT start automatically
$ systemctl list-unit-files | grep mariadb
mariadb.service disabled
mariadb@.service disabled
$ systemctl list-unit-files | grep nginx
nginx.service disabled
$ systemctl list-unit-files | grep php-fpm
php-fpm.service disabled
# Custom start up script
$ sudo mkdir /etc/serverclevercat
$ sudo vi /etc/serverclevercat/S99ebs-mounts.sh
$ cat /etc/serverclevercat/S99ebs-mounts.sh
#!/bin/bash
# Script checks to see if EBS is attached at /dev/xvdf
# then mounts and starts services
if [ -b /dev/xvdf ]; then
mount /dev/xvdf /ebs/data
mount --bind /ebs/data/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql -o noatime
systemctl start mariadb
systemctl start php-fpm
systemctl start nginx
fi
$ sudo chmod u+x /etc/serverclevercat/S99ebs-mounts.sh
# Enabled script at startup
$ sudo vi /etc/systemd/system/ebs-mounts.service
$ cat /etc/systemd/system/ebs-mounts.service
[Unit]
Description=Run script at startup
After=default.target
[Service]
Type=simple
RemainAfterExit=yes
ExecStart=/etc/serverclevercat/S99ebs-mounts.sh
TimeoutStartSec=0
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
$ sudo systemctl enable ebs-mounts
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target.wants/ebs-mounts.service to /etc/systemd/system/ebs-mounts.service.
$ systemctl list-unit-files | grep ebs-mounts
ebs-mounts.service enabled
Testing #
Tested website. Not working. :(
Error message in logs looked like
PHP message: PHP Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to undefined function set_magic_quotes_runtime()Likely WordPress is too old for latest PHP.
Used guide to update WordPress manually: https://thrivewp.com/update-wordpress-manually
$ mkdir download
$ cd download
$ wget https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz
# Delete the old 'wp-includes' and 'wp-admin' directories, and replace with new versions
$ cd ../..
$ mkdir old
$ mv blog/wp-includes old/
$ mv blog/wp-admin old/
$ mv download/wordpress/wp-includes blog/
$ mv download/wordpress/wp-admin blog/
# Overwrote old wp-content, root files with new versions (taking care not to delete all old content)
$ cp -r download/wordpress/wp-content/* blog/wp-content/
$ cp download/wordpress/* blog/
Checked nginx error_log for some PHP errors and fixed them
Disabled 50x error page in nginx.conf so the website will display PHP errors
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
#}
This also helped fix a few broken plugins
# Deleted some old plugins that weren's working
$ cd blog/wp-content
$ rm -r plugins/w3-total-cache
$ rm w3-total-cache-confid.php
$ rm -r w3tc
$ rm db.php
$ rm object-cache.php
🙏🙏🙏
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